2-% hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, although it does not have its name in ancient books, but in today's consciousness, this is a poison and the like, which is very harmful.
Looking at the history of all things, although there is no detailed record of it, the harm of poisons has existed in ancient times. In the past, there were also poisons that disrupted people's minds and damaged people's organs. Poisons hurt people, or cause qi and blood rebellion, or cause mental confusion, both in the body and in the mind.
Today's 2-% hydroxybutyric acid is especially harmful. This substance enters the body and can quickly disturb the nervous system, causing a trance and confusion. Those who taste it for the first time may feel slightly happy, as if they are in an illusory state, but this is only the beginning of the disaster. Soon, it will fall into a state of drowsiness, coma, and even life-threatening.
And it is highly addictive, once contaminated, you can't stop it. Addicts are physically and mentally controlled, and in order to seek this thing, they will go bankrupt and risk doing evil. Some people have broken families, some people are seriously ill, and the social order is also disrupted because of it.
And because of its colorless and tasteless, it is easy to mix into drinks. It is often used by those with bad intentions, causing others to be victimized unknowingly. Women are especially vulnerable to this poison, and their personal safety is greatly threatened.
Therefore, although there is no name of 2-% hydroxybutyric acid in ancient times, the harm of poisons is in the same vein. Our generation should see its harm and stay away from it, so as to protect the health of the body and mind and the peace of the society. It must not lead to lifelong regret for its temporary illusory temptation.

2-%E6%BA%B4%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8%E8%8B%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%97%AD%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%B6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8B, covering its special nature, it is unique in all kinds of things.
The first word about its phase state, 2-%E6%BA%B4%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B6%E9%85%B8%E6%9C%AC a colorless transparent liquid, its quality is pure and clear, it is seen as if there is nothing, then it feels moist when touched, and the smell is not very strange, peaceful and not strong.
Second, on its solubility, this acid is very well soluble in water, and when dissolved, it is warm, as if the two meet and meet, and send a slight heat image. This property makes it use water as a medium and involves a wide range of reactions. < Br >
And its degree of boiling and melting, 2-%E6%BA%B4%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B6%E9%85%B8%E7%9A%84 boiling point is quite high, it needs to be quite hot to make it boil and dissolve gas; the melting point is relatively low, and the state at room temperature is usually a flowing liquid. This property makes it stable in normal conditions, and changes its state when heated.
Furthermore, looking at its density, compared to water, 2-%E6%BA%B4%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B6%E9%85%B8 density is slightly heavier, and it is inclined into the device and often sinks under. This is a special feature.
Repeat its conductivity. After the acid dissolves in water, it can conduct current. Because it dissociates in water, it generates ions of yin and yang, so that electricity can conduct electricity. It has its own uses in the field of electrification.
2-%E6%BA%B4%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B6%E9%85%B8 material rationality, colorless and transparent, soluble water and dissolved exothermic, boiling high melting low, slightly heavy density, water soluble conductivity, all kinds of characteristics, making it important for chemical industry and scientific research, in the material change, the study of things, are indispensable.

2-% hydroxybutyric acid is an organic compound with unique chemical properties.
2-% hydroxybutyric acid is usually a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with weak acidity. Its acidity is derived from the fact that the hydroxyl group (-OH) can partially ionize hydrogen ions (H 🥰). Although this degree of ionization is relatively weak, it can play a key role in a specific chemical reaction system.
In terms of solubility, 2-% hydroxybutyric acid can be miscible with water in a certain proportion. This is due to the fact that the hydroxyl groups in its molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thereby enhancing its solubility in water. At the same time, it also exhibits good solubility in some polar organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, etc. This property facilitates its application in organic synthesis and related chemical fields.
2-% hydroxybutyric acid has high chemical activity of hydroxyl groups. Under suitable conditions, the hydroxyl group can undergo esterification reaction. When it encounters carboxylic acids, in the catalyst and heating environment, the two will undergo esterification reaction to generate corresponding ester compounds and water. This reaction is widely used in the preparation of fragrances, pharmaceutical intermediates and other fields. Moreover, the hydroxyl group can also participate in the dehydration reaction. Under appropriate catalyst and temperature conditions, the hydroxyl group in the 2-% hydroxybutyric acid molecule and the hydrogen atom on the adjacent carbon atom will remove a molecule of water and form an unsaturated bond to form products such as crotonic acid.
Furthermore, the carbon chain structure in the 2-% hydroxybutyric acid molecule also affects its chemical properties. Carbon chains give it a certain lipophilicity, which makes it unique in some reactions or systems involving fat-soluble substances. The three-dimensional structure of its molecules may have an important impact on its interactions with other substances, especially in binding to specific receptors or enzymes in vivo. However, the relationship between its specific biological activity and the three-dimensional structure needs to be further studied to clarify.

The synthesis method of 2-% cyanobutyric acid has existed in ancient times and is detailed in the following.
First, acrylate and sodium cyanide are used as starting materials. First, acrylate and sodium cyanide are combined in an appropriate solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, and nucleophilic substitution is carried out under the action of catalyst. Although the double bond of acrylate is relatively active, this reaction needs to be carefully controlled at a temperature between about 50 and 60 degrees Celsius, so that the cyano group can successfully replace the β-position of the ester group to obtain the intermediate of 2-cyanobutyrate. After acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis of this intermediate, such as sodium hydroxide solution, by heating the number of reflux, the ester group is hydrolyzed to carboxylic group, and then acidified, adjusted to an appropriate pH value, 2 -% cyanobutyric acid can be precipitated. This process is fine, and attention should be paid to the precise control of the reaction conditions.
Second, butenediic anhydride is used as the starting material. Butenediic anhydride is first esterified with methanol under the catalyst of sulfuric acid to form dimethyl butenediate. Then, dimethyl butenediate and sodium cyanide are added to ethanol solvent under the action of a phase transfer catalyst. Under the action of a phase transfer catalyst, a Michael addition reaction occurs, and the cyano group is added to the double bond to form dimethyl 2-cyanobutyrate. Subsequently, after selective hydrolysis of one of the ester groups, mild alkaline conditions, such as potassium carbonate solution, can be used to control the degree of reaction, so that one side of the ester group is hydrolyzed into carboxyl groups, and then acidified to obtain 2 -% cyanobutyric acid. Although there are many steps in this pathway, the reaction selectivity of each step is high, and the purity of the product is also good.
Third, acetaldehyde and diethyl malonate are used as raw materials. Under the catalysis of sodium alcohol, acetaldehyde and diethyl malonate undergo Knoevenagel condensation reaction to form 2-methylene diethyl malonate. This product is then added to hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a catalyst, and the cyano group is added to the double bond to form diethyl 2-cyano-2-methylmalonate. Finally, through hydrolysis and decarboxylation, such as heating in dilute sulfuric acid, a carboxyl group is removed, and the ester group is hydrolyzed to a carboxyl group to obtain 2-% cyanobutyric acid. This synthetic method is common in raw materials and has a clear reaction process. However, each step of the reaction requires quite strict conditions.

Dioxalic acid, which is a chemical substance, should be paid attention to when it is stored.
Where it is stored, it is the first important environment. It is suitable for dry, transparent and clean places. Because of its certain hydrolysis, if it is in a damp environment, it is easy to absorb moisture and affect its durability. In addition, dioxalic acid is humid, so the containers that are stored are corrosion-resistant, such as glass, ceramics or specific plastic materials. Gold containers should not be used to prevent its gold and biochemical reactions, causing the container to malfunction and affecting the properties of dioxalic acid. At the same time, it is necessary to store its oxidizing and other substances separately. Because of its chemical activity, this substance can be mixed, or it can lead to dangerous chemical reactions.
In the process of moving, the operator must be careful and wear protective clothing, such as protective clothing, gloves, eyes, etc., to avoid contact with dioxalic acid. On the way, avoid strong shocks and collisions to prevent the container from rupturing and causing dioxalic acid leakage. If there is an unfortunate leakage, take urgent measures immediately. A small amount of leakage can be mixed with sand, lime or ash and collected in a container with dioxalic acid. Mass leakage, embankment or excavation for containment, pump transfer to tank or collector, recycling or storage.